Definition of down syndrome Essay Example For Students

Definition of down syndrome Essay Down syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable chromosomal condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: for some unexplained reason, an accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain. In most cases, the diagnosis of Down syndrome is made according to results from a chromosome test administered shortly after birth. Approximately 4,000 children with Down syndrome are born in the U. S. each year, or about 1 in every 800 to 1,000 live births. Although parents of any age may have child with Down syndrome, the incidence is higher for women over 35. Most common forms of the syndrome do not usually occur more than once in a family. There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics include: Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds); Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints); Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands; Short, high-pitched cries in infancy. Individuals with Down syndrome are usually smaller than their non-disabled peers, and their physical as well as intellectual development is slower. Besides having a distinct physical appearance, children with Down syndrome frequently have specific health-related problems. A lowered resistance to infection makes these children more prone to respiratory problems. Visual problems such as crossed eyes and far- or nearsightedness are higher in those with Down syndrome, as are mild to moderate hearing loss and speech difficulty. Approximately one third of babies born with Down syndrome have heart defects, most of which are now successfully correctable. Some individuals are born with gastrointestinal tract problems that can be surgically corrected. Some people with Down syndrome also may have a condition known as Atlantoaxial Instability, a misalignment of the top two vertebrae of the neck. This condition makes these individuals more prone to injury if they participate in activities which overextend or flex the neck. Parents are urged to have their child examined by a physician to determine whether or not their child should be restricted from sports and activities which place stress on the neck. Although this misalignment is a potentially serious condition, proper diagnosis can help prevent serious injury. Children with Down syndrome may have a tendency to become obese as they grow older. Besides having negative social implications, this weight gain threatens these individuals health and longevity. A supervised diet and exercise program may help reduce this problem. EDUCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT IMPLICATIONS Shortly after a diagnoses of Down syndrome is confirmed, parents should be encouraged to enroll their child in an infant development/early intervention program. These programs offer parents special instruction in teaching their child language, cognitive, self-help, and social skills, and specific exercises for gross and fine motor development. Research has shown that stimulation during early developmental stages improves the childs chances of developing to his or her fullest potential. Continuing education, positive public attitudes, and a stimulating home environment have also been found to promote the childs overall development. Just as in the normal population, there is a wide variation in mental abilities, behavior, and developmental progress in individuals with Down syndrome. Their level of retardation may range from mild to severe, with the majority functioning in the mild to moderate range. Due to these individual differences, it is impossible to predict future achievements of children with Down syndrome. Because of the range of ability in children with Down syndrome it is important for families and all members of the schools education team to place few limitations on potential capabilities. It may be effective to emphasize concrete concepts rather than abstract ideas. Teaching tasks in a step-by-step manner with frequent reinforcement and consistent feedback has been proven successful. Improved public acceptance of persons with disabilities along with increased opportunities for adults with disabilities to live and work independently in the community, have expanded goals for individuals with Down syndrome. .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .postImageUrl , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:visited , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:active { border:0!important; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:active , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Skill related fitness Essay Independent Living Centers, group shared and supervised apartments and support services in the community have proven to be important resources for persons with disabilities. 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TCP/IP Security Essays - Computer Network Security, Cyberwarfare

TCP/IP Security The TCP/IP protocols, the basis for today's Internet, lack even the most basic mechanisms for security, such as authentication or encryption. As usage of the Internet and TCP/IP protocols increases, their lack of built-in security has become more and more problematic. This paper describes a variety of basic flaws in TCP/IP protocols and their implementations, and discusses solutions and work-arounds to these problems. Also covered is the new IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol that, among other goals, seeks to fix many of the current flaws in the current Internet IPv4 protocol. Security in protocols and applications not essential to TCP/IP (such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP) are not discussed in this paper. Introduction In the early 1980's, specifications were finished for the TCP and IP protocols. These two protocols could be considered the most important in the world today - they are the basis of the Internet. Over the past decade, the Internet has grown from a small network connecting a small community of researchers to its present state - a gigantic global network connecting people of all types. The huge success of the Internet has, for the most part, been quite beneficial. The Internet has evolved from a specialized project to a general-purpose tool. However, the growth of the Internet has created problems with security. The TCP and IP protocols were designed when the Internet was small, and users generally trusted each other. The protocols lack many features that are desirable or needed on an insecure network. In this paper, we present a number of problems that arise with using TCP/IP on today's network, solutions or work-arounds for these problems, and how the protocols for tomorrow's Interne t, such as IPv6, will help eliminate these problems. 1. Introduction to TCP/IP TCP/IP is the backbone of the internet today. Comprised of two protocols, TCP and IP, the TCP/IP protocol suite is one of the most widely used. We present a brief introduction to the two protocols. For a detailed discussion of the two protocols we refer the reader to the RFC's for IP [RFC 791], and TCP [RFC 793]. 1.1. Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (or IP as it generally known), is the network layer of the Internet. IP provides a connection-less service. The job of IP is to route and send a packet to the packet's destination. IP provides no guarantee whatsoever, for the packets it tries to deliver. The IP packets are usually termed datagrams. The datagrams go through a series of routers before they reach the destination. At each node that the datagram passes through, the node determines the next hop for the datagram and routes it to the next hop. Since the network is dynamic, it is possible that two datagrams from the same source take different paths to make it to the destination. Since the network has variable delays, it is not guaranteed that the datagrams will be received in sequence. IP only tries for a best-effort delivery. It does not take care of lost packets; this is left to the higher layer protocols. There is no state maintained between two datagrams; in other words, IP is connection-less. Versio n IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragmentation Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source Address Destination Address Options Padding Figure 1. IP Header The IP Header is shown in Figure 1. The Version is currently set to 4. In order to distinguish it from the new version IPv6, IP is also referred to as IPv4. The source address and the destination address are 4-byte Internet addresses. The Options field contains various options such as source based routing, and record route. The source based routing allows the sender to specify the path the datagram should take to reach the destination. Record route allows the sender to record the route the datagram is taking. None of the IP fields are encrypted and there no authentication. It would be extremely easy to set an arbitrary destination address (or the source address), and IP would send the datagram. The destination has no way of ascertaining the fact that the datagram actually originated from an IP address other than the one in the source address field. It is easy to see why any authentication scheme based on IP-addresses would fail. 1.2. Transmission Control

Joy Luck Club Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, The Joy Luck Club

Joy Luck Club Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco, The Joy Luck Club Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, it tells of four Chinese women drawn together in San Francisco to play mah jong, and tell stories of the past. These four women and their families all lived in Chinatown and belong to the First Chinese Baptist Church. They were not necessarily religious, but found they could improve their home China. This is how the woo's, the Hsu's, the Jong's and the St Clair's met in 1949. The first member of the Joy Luck Club to die was Suyuan Woo. Her daughter, Jing-mei June Woo, is asked to sit in and take her mother's place at playing mah jong. Memories of the past are shared by the three women left, An-mei Hsu, Lindo Jong and Ying-ying St Clair. June Woo learns of the real secret her mother carried to her grave from her mother's friends. The twin baby girls, her half sisters, Suyuan pushed in a Wheelbarrow as she escaped from the Japanese. Due to sickness, Suyuan can no longer carry her babies, and is forced to leave them on the side of the road. She lives her whole life not knowing if they are alive or dead. In the book, the Woo's left for America to build a better life for themselves. Suyuan Woo wanted to have a daughter like herself, and no one would look down on her. It was important that she speak perfect English and hopefully not share in the same tragedies and sorrows she had known. The movie brought this concept out very vividly. You were able to imagine the time and place and the emotions of the characters. Their anger in the early years, how women and children were treated as possessions. The book spoke of Rose Hsu Jordan, daughter of An-mei Hsu, who had seven brothers and sisters. A very tragic time in her life when her brother Bing drowns at age 1 while she was in charge of watching him. The movie does not touch upon this tragic event and brings out the rich family Rose marries into, and the instant rejection from her boyfriends mother. Rose unhappiness in her marriage with Tod, is similar to the unhappiness her mother had throughout her life. Lindo Jong was a special character in the book , referring to promises she made to her mother as a young girl, and keeping them throughout her life. She was actually abandoned by her family and Lindo was sent to live with her future husband's family. She never complained because she would never dishonor her mother. The movie did an excellent job of showing us the culture during that time in China and how the matchmaker arranged the marriages at an early age. She is a very smart girl and figures out how she could get out of this marriage and still keep her promise to her mother. She puts the blame on the matchmaker and is released from the marriage. When speaking of strong characters in the book, one would have to include Waverl y Jong, daughter of Lindo Jong. She was a bright child who became a famous chess player, which made her mother very proud. The movie brought out her unhappiness in her life and the unhappy relationship with her mother. The two shared similar lives even though they lived in different countries and different times. Ying-ying St Clair, according to the book, was married at an early age and referred to her husband as a bad man. In fact she tried so hard to forget him she forgets his name. She tells of taking her baby before it was born because of the hate she has for her husband. The movie tells the story a little different in reference to her baby. After her husband comes home with his mistress and causes her shame, she drowns her tiny infant while bathing him. A tragic and emotional part in the movie. Lena St Clair, daughter of Lindo St Clair, may not have had such a tragic relationship with her husband as did her mother; but she was unable to find happiness in her marriage. The book and movie were similar in showing us the relationship she had with Harold.

Sociology (Reaction paper 3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology (Reaction paper 3) - Essay Example The right to free speech, the right to gather with one another to discuss thoughts and ideas, are among the many rights that individuals seek to have for themselves. While many are fortunate and achieve those very rights, some are not as lucky. From the beginning until the era of the feminist movement, the rights of women would pale in comparison to the men around them. Most notably, their ability to vote and also their presence within the work force. Not only the question as to whether or not they would work but also the consideration given, to what placement they would have within the corporate structure. The role of the United States should be as a leader for the cause. The very nation that would not only ensure the rights of its own citizenry but also, seek to ensure the rights of the millions of other people that live throughout the world. To show the other world leaders that, by maintaining a practice of human rights protection, it can only serve to benefit the success of the nation as a whole, rather than it being a hindrance. Thomas Jefferson, one of the most notable founding members of the United States, would speak eloquently about the notion of all men being created equal. With the ability to vote being given to women and later on during the 60s being given to African Americans, the level of credence to the idea of protecting basic human rights, would be placed on the forefront. Seeking to classify both women and African Americans not by gender and/or race but rather, seeing them for the human being that they are. Going below the surface and realizing that, in all reality, every human being remains just that at their core.. a human being. Each and everyone deserving of the same rights as others, no more and no less. To define prejudice, that would be the act of placing judgment upon a person, place and/or thing, without having any personal experience on the matter. Such as, hearing a negative story from another

Photosynethesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Photosynethesis - Essay Example 1). The name ‘photosynthesis’ (a chemical change process) is derived from Latin terminology, ‘formation of light’. The ‘formation of light’ process is important in the sustenance of the food chain in which â€Å"all human food energy and the food energy of many living organisms are directly or indirectly derived from the photosynthetic processes† (Gale Science, 2011, p. 1). For example, an organism (i.e. a cow) eats plants and, therefore, consumes the plant energy that was generated via photosynthesis; this is energy indirectly via photosynthesis. â€Å"Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce carbohydrates and molecular oxygen, (O2) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). 6CO2 + 6H2O – sunlight – C6H12O6 + 6O2 Virtually all ecosystems on earth depend on photosynthesis as their source of energy. Incredibly, all free oxygen on the planet, including atmospheric oxygen, originates fro m photosynthesis† (Robinson, 2009, p. 1). The following articles analyze and demonstrate current research on the topic of ‘photosynthesis’. Each is concerned with scientific research and measurable analysis of the photosynthetic processes. The test methods of certain scientific questions and studies offer unique theoretical insights, and interpretations of scientific methodologies. Article #1: â€Å"Comparing light-conversion efficiency of plants and manmade solar cells† by Durham, Sharon (2012). Agricultural Research. (60.1)7. In this scientific article written by researcher Sharon Durham (2012), the research study question is asked†¦ â€Å"When using light energy, how do manmade photo cells compare to a plant’s photosynthesis†? (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Explain what the scientist were testing During scientific inquiry, scientist from the Agricultural Research Service conducted a study in which comparisons were drawn between plant cells and photovoltaic cells – how efficiently each cell type converted sunlight into energy. The significance of purpose of the study was to find out how scientists and researchers â€Å"could improve plant photosynthesis – a critical first link in the global supply chain for food, fiber, and bioenergy production† (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Explain (briefly) how they tested it Scientists conducted detailed-oriented scientific methodology and measurement to compare plant cell and manmade solar cell photosynthetic processes. Research leader, Donald Ort, conducts scientific studies on photosynthesis from his field office – the ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit in Urbana, Illinois. According to Ort (2012), â€Å"scientists know that plants are not as efficient as manmade solar cells at converting light into energy. But there is a way of comparing the two systems more accurately. The study identified specific redesigns that hold excellent promise for impro ving efficiency† (Ort, 2012, p. 1). Researchers set comparison standards, first considering current technology then strategies for improvements. Explain what they found As noted by S. Durham (2012), â€Å"†¦comparing the two systems is a challenge. Although both processes harvest energy from sunlight, they use the energy in different ways. Plants convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy, whereas, solar cells produce electricity† (Durham, 2012, p. 1). Research scientist, Ort, points out†¦ â€Å"While, in context of our efficiency analysis, solar cells have a clear advantage compared to photosynthesis. There is a need to apply

The French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

The French Revolution - Essay Example The position of women in England was however, somewhat different and this attitude also spilt over into the response to the French revolution. In England, the position of women during this period was still largely subordinate to the male sex; as a result, the writers who supported the French revolution were accused of aligning themselves with the perceived low morals of Frenchwomen who participated in the carnage. Marie Antoinette was executed in October 1793, and the allegations of lesbianism and incestuous attacks on her son also contributed to the general perception in England that French women were scandalous and that their conduct was not to be emulated under any circumstances. Marie Antoinette was viewed by the French working class as the Austrian hussy, who frittered away the money that the peasants paid in taxes and this unfavourable view was also shared by people in other parts of the world, such as England. In this aspect, both the poets Williams and Yearsley are similar in that both of them were viewed unfavourably in England, as writers who were in support of the French Revolution. Although Williams’s first hand view of the French Revolution was horror at the carnage, her works on the whole, demonstrated a support for the ideals and motivation of the common people, which led to the revolution.

Describe the process by which genes and environment operate together to

Describe the process by which genes and environment operate together to influence development. Discuss the significance of these processes for our understanding of child development. This essay will give a detailed account of the process by which genes and the environment operate together to influence development. Looking at Physical development and Language development and the perspectives of Natavism, Behaviourism. Constructivism and Social Constructivism it will explain the role of these perspectives in understanding child development. It is argued that the genetic blueprint can interact with the environment to encourage development. The process of genes and environment working together is often referred to as epigenetics and shows how environmental factors which can affect a parent can change the types of genes passed onto their children. Looking at Physical Development it can be seen if the process of genes and environment operating together influence development. As the environment is constantly changing humankind needs to have changeable characteristics, some of which are physical, this is known as â€Å"Developmental Plasticity†. Piaget studied water snails and found that shape of the snails shell varied depending on its habitat. Pond snails had longer shells than lake snails who had shorter shells to suit the water turbulence. Suggesting that cells have the properties to change and become â€Å"self-organising†, cells can change the way they are developing in response to environmental stimuli. It is argued that genes can be switched â€Å"on† or â€Å"off† in response to this environmental stimuli and can alter the characteristics they produce.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Piaget called this process â€Å"Epigenetic Development†, Epigenetic information is constantly being acquired throughout development, giving the environment an active role in influencing development. The environment is shaping information in our genes and changing our physical development. Humankind standing on two legs and walking was a response to environmental changes. This has had a significant effect on our genetic makeup from the shape of our pelvis to the size of our skull.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Epigenetic systems can only change things during the period of maturation and once a characteristic is adapted it can not change back. Richardson, 1994, argues in relation to child developmen... ...agreed with Piaget as his theory ignored the social environment. Vygotsky argued society was essential to child development as it allowed child interaction with others. He argued that language is acquired by the child â€Å"internalizing social interactions†. A child learns from another person and after interactions are repeated several times the child internalizes it. Vygotsky argued this can only be achieved with another person and carried out in the child’s â€Å"zone of proximal development†. Both Vygotsky and Piaget felt a child was active in the their own development. Vygotsky argues environment and its interactions shape the child, in contrast Piaget’s theory is more biologically linked. In conclusion it can be seen from looking at physical development and language development that genes and the environment operate together to influence development. In relation to child development the gene-environment perspective is not the only one to be considered. Gene only perspectives, Environment only perspectives and the Transactional model which sees the child as actively shaping its own development all play important roles and help us to understand the process of child development.